A location-inventory-routing problem to design a circular closed-loop supply chain network with carbon tax policy for achieving circular economy: An augmented epsilon-constraint approach

The emergence of the circular economy concept has pushed industry owners towards green supply chain and waste reduction. closed-loop originates from its purpose is to increase efficiency profitability by reducing energy consumption. Hence, in this research, an integrated bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model developed with aim optimizing both operational strategic decisions a network. proposed benefits location-inventory-routing problem structure network, it applies carbon tax policy vehicle scheduling reduce emissions waiting time, respectively. Considering problems such as split-delivery, storage possibility, shortage, supplier selection, order allocation, heterogenous vehicles, uncertain demand led development comprehensive model. A stochastic scenario-based approach used deal uncertainty, augmented epsilon-constraint method employed solve applicability effectiveness solution for achieving are examined through implementation cable wire Iran.